Consider a semiconductor material which is doped with both type of
impurities, donor as well as acceptor. The concentration of donor
impurity is and that of acceptor impurity is NA.
Each donor atom donates one electron and as it losses electron it
becomes positively charged ion, due to the process of ionization. Thus
assuming ionization of all the impurity atoms, the concentration of
positive ions generated due to donor impurity becomes ND.
There are positive charge carriers i.e. holes present in the material
whose concentration is p. This the concentration of total positive
charge in the material is given by,
Total positive charge concentration = ND + p ..............(1)
The acceptor impurity atom when added to the material accepts an
electron and becomes negatively charged ion. Assuming ionization of all
the impurity atoms, the concentration of negative ions generated due to
acceptor impurity is NA. There are negative charge carriers
i.e. electron present in the material whose concentration is n. Thus
the concentration of total negative charge in the material is given by,
Total negative charge concentration = NA+ n .............. (2)
The material as a whole is always electrically neutral hence the total
positive charge concentration in the material must be equal to the total
negative charge concentration in the material. Hence equating (1) and
(2) we can write,
ND + p = NA + n .................... (3)
The equation (3) is called the equation of charge neutrality.
Notes :
1. The equation is important when a semiconductor is doped with both the types of impurities, donor as well as acceptor.
2.
The equation is efficient in obtaining the actual concentration of
electrons and holes in a material which is doped with both the types of
impurities.
3. The equation helps to determine whether the material doped with both the types of impurities will behave as n-type or p-type.
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