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Expression for Back E.M.F or Induced E.M.F. per Phase in S.M.

Case i) Under excitation, Ebph < Vph .
       Zs = Ra + j Xs = | Zs |  ∟θ Ω
       θ = tan-1(Xs/Ra)
       ERph  ^ Iaph = θ, Ia lags always by angle θ.
       Vph = Phase voltage applied
       ERph = Back e.m.f. induced per phase
       ERph = Ia x Zs V            ... per phase
       Let p.f. be cosΦ, lagging as under excited,
       Vph  ^ Iaph = Φ
       Phasor diagram is shown in the Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Phasor diagram for under excited condition

       Applying cosine rule to Δ OAB, 
       (Ebph)2 = (Vph)2 + (ERph)2 - 2Vph ERph x (Vph ^ ERph)
       but Vph ^ ERph = x = θ - Φ
       (Ebph)2 = (Vph)2 + (ERph)2 - 2Vph ERph x (θ - Φ)                   ......(1)
       where ERph =  Iaph x Zs
       Applying sine rule to Δ OAB,
       Ebph/sinx = ERph/sinδ
        So once Ebph is calculated, load angle δ can be determined by using sine rule.
Case ii) Over excitation, Ebph > Vph
       p.f. is leading in nature.
       ERph  ^ Iaph = θ
       Vph  ^ Iaph = Φ
       The phasor diagram is shown in the Fig. 2.
Fig.2  Phasor diagram for overexcited condition

       Applying cosine rule to Δ OAB,
       (Ebph)2 = (Vph)2 + (ERph)2 - 2Vph  ERph x cos(Vph ^ ERph)
       Vph ^ ERph = θ + Φ
...    (Ebph)2 = (Vph)2 + (ERph)2 - 2 Vph   ERph cos(θ + Φ) .......(3)
       But θ + Φ is generally greater than  90o
...    cos (θ + Φ) becomes negative, hence for leading p.f., Ebph > Vph .
       Applying sine rule to Δ OAB,
       Ebph/sin( ERph ^ Vph) = ERph/sinδ
       Hence load angle δ can be calculated once Ebph is known.
Case iii) Critical excitation
       In this case Ebph Vph, but p.f. of synchronous motor is unity.
...         cos = 1   ...    Φ = 0o
       i.e. Vph and Iaph are in phase
       and  ERph ^ Iaph = θ
       Phasor diagram is shown in the Fig. 3.
Fig. 3  Phasor diagram for unity p.f. condition

       Applying cosine rule to OAB,
       (Ebph)2 = (Vph)2 + (ERph)2 - 2Vph ERph cos θ            ............(5)
       Applying sine rule to OAB,
       Ebph/sinθ = ERph/sinδ
       where   ERph = Iaph x Zs V

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hamada i'm hamada rageh electrical power engineer my talent to write articles about electrical engineering and i depend on google books site to write my articles

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