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Circle Diagram for a Series R-L Circuit

       Consider a series R-L circuit with a variable R as shown in the Fig. 1. It is excited by an alternating source of V volts. The frequency of the source is f Hz.
Fig. 1

       Let             I = Current flowing through the circuit
                        Z = Impedance of the circuit
                        Z = R + j XL        where XL = 2 fL
        Now R is variable while XL is fixed.
       The phasor diagram is shown in the Fig. 2(a). The current I lags voltage V by angle as the circuit is inductive. The impedance triangle is shown in the Fig. 2(b).
Fig. 2

       From the impedance triangle we can write,
                            sin Φ = XL/Z
       Substituting in the expression for I,
               I = (V/XL) sinΦ                                              ..............(1)
       This is the equation of a circle in polar co-ordinates with a diameter equal to (V/XL).
       When the resistance R =0, then Φ = 90o hence sin Φ  = 1.
...             I = Im = (V/XL)
       This is the maximum value of current.
       As R resistance, the phase angle decreases thus decreasing sin. Effectively current I also decrease. When R ∞ the Φ0o and current becomes zero.
       The locus obtained of extremities of a current phasor plotted for various values of R is a semicircle. The semicircle is shown in the Fig. 3. The voltage axis is taken as vertical axis as a reference, with respect to which the various current phasors are plotted.
Fig.  3  Circle diagram

       The power factors at various conditions are cosΦ1, cosΦ2 etc. As Φ varies only from 0oto 90o, the diagram is semicircle, infact it is a half part of a circle hence it is known as circle diagram.
       This theory of series R-L circuit can be easily extended to a three phase induction motor.

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hamada i'm hamada rageh electrical power engineer my talent to write articles about electrical engineering and i depend on google books site to write my articles

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